It also exposed a provincial western Europe emerging from the Dark Ages to a wider world filled with ancient cities, erudite scholars, and a vibrant new religion. In turn, the Crusaders left an ...

Marine Le Pen’s protégé pitched the right-wing forces on forming an ‘alternative majority … against the left.’ ...

Concentric castles - with two curtain (outer) walls - were developed during the crusades, and these ideas were used to improve and fortify castles back in Europe. Islamic armies had used gunpowder ...