Read the marketing material for any fund and you'll often find the manager saying that they take either a "top-down" or a "bottom-up" approach. Sometimes they claim to do both: "the fund combines ...

CC BY 3.0) At the heart of bottom-up nanotechnology lies a process driven by thermodynamics and kinetics, rather than the deterministic approaches characteristic of top-down methods. This fundamental ...

In contrast to the top-down model’s central objective of industrialisation and economic growth, the bottom-up model advocates rural development and distributional issues. Instead of the State ...

While top-down nanotechnology excels in precision and integration with current manufacturing processes, bottom-up approaches offer advantages in terms of material diversity and potential for novel ...