In-circuit test (ICT) systems have been the leaders in using electrical means to look for structural defects in PCBs. They employ bed-of-nails fixtures to provide electrical access to as many as 7000 ...

For testing PCBs, test engineers have a variety of options ranging from venerable in-circuit testers and flying probers to functional testers and the latest in embedded-instrument technology.

Printed-circuit-board quality challenges extend from design through production test and inspection and on to field diagnostics. Meny Gantz, VP of marketing for Orbotech’s PCB division, cited some key ...