Energy is lost to the surroundings from ... Remember, food chains do not show the number of organisms at each trophic level. Pyramids of number are not always perfect pyramids because of large ...

Trophic cascades are powerful indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems. Trophic cascades occur when predators limit the density and/or behavior of their prey and thereby enhance ...

The roles of parasites as predators and prey suggest that considerable amounts of energy ... at a trophic level above their hosts, parasites would occupy the pinnacle of this new pyramid (Sukhdeo ...