You know the “just add a transistor” drill by now: a performance or functionality requirement comes up that you can’t support entirely using the blocks built into your favorite mixed-signal ...

The low output voltage level of the analog sensor and the long distance to the control room together constitute significant system design challenges. Here are clues on how to solve them. The 4-20 mA ...

The I/O capabilities built into most microcontrollers make it easy to measure the analog world. Say you want to build a data logger for temperature. All you need to do is get some kind of sensor that ...

Voltage-to-current converters that feed grounded loads are common in industrial measurement and control applications. The conventional "textbook" circuit uses both positive and negative supply rails.

Galvanically (that is, optically or electromagnetically) isolated 4- to 20-mA current loops offer robust noise immunity and tolerate long cable runs. These advantages, combined with simple unshielded ...