OTTAWA—Canada’s Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland quit the Liberal government cabinet Monday, a surprise departure that casts further doubts about how long Prime Minister Justin Trudeau can hold on to his job given the government’s deep unpopularity.

Canadian Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland resigned from Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s cabinet over differences in how to prepare for the Trump administration, a stunning move that shakes the government.

Chrystia Freeland said she was quitting in the wake of a meeting last Friday with Trudeau, who asked her to take on a lesser post after the two had been arguing for weeks over spending.